C printf Pointers and Memory Layout

You are given the following C code snippet:

const char *c = "12345";

Assume a typical modern 64-bit Linux/macOS environment with GCC/Clang, unless a behavior is explicitly undefined or implementation-defined.

printf Behavior Analysis

1. For each of the following printf statements, describe what it intends to print and what actually happens when executed:
   • printf("%s", c);
   • printf("%d", c);
   • printf("%c", c);
   • printf("%c", *c);
   • printf("%c", *(c+1));
2. Identify the correct and portable way to print the memory address stored in the pointer c.

Debugger Inspection

Explain how you would use a debugger (such as gdb or lldb) to inspect the following aspects related to c:

• The value of c itself, interpreted as a memory address.
• The raw bytes stored at the memory address pointed to by c.
• The null-terminated string starting at the memory address pointed to by c.

Memory and Allocation Fundamentals

1. Comparison of Allocation Mechanisms: Compare and contrast malloc/free (C) with new/delete (C++) across various dimensions, including:
   • Initialization behavior
   • Constructor and destructor calls
   • Type safety
   • Failure handling mechanisms
   • Handling of arrays
2. Memory Segments: Describe the typical contents and purpose of the following memory segments within a running program:
   • Stack
   • Heap
   • Data/BSS
   • Text (Code)
   • Specifically, where does a string literal like "12345" typically reside in memory?